Types of Investment Income
Investment income is taxed differently depending on its source. Understanding these categories helps you make tax-efficient investment decisions.
1. Capital Gains
Profit from selling an investment for more than you paid. The tax rate depends on how long you held the investment.
| Type | Holding Period | Tax Rate (2025) |
|---|---|---|
| Short-Term Capital Gains | Less than 1 year | 10% - 37% (ordinary income rates) |
| Long-Term Capital Gains | More than 1 year | 0%, 15%, or 20% |
Long-Term Capital Gains Rates (2025)
| Tax Rate | Single Filers | Married Filing Jointly |
|---|---|---|
| 0% | Up to $47,025 | Up to $94,050 |
| 15% | $47,026 - $518,900 | $94,051 - $583,750 |
| 20% | Over $518,900 | Over $583,750 |
2. Dividend Income
Payments from stocks or funds are taxed based on whether they're "qualified" or "ordinary" dividends.
Qualified Dividends
Taxed at favorable long-term capital gains rates (0%, 15%, or 20%). Most dividends from US companies held 60+ days qualify.
Ordinary Dividends
Taxed at your regular income tax rate. Includes REIT dividends, money market dividends, and dividends from stocks held less than 60 days.
3. Interest Income
Interest from bonds, CDs, and savings accounts is generally taxed as ordinary income at your marginal tax rate.
- Taxable bonds: Corporate bonds, Treasury bonds (federal tax only)
- Tax-exempt: Municipal bonds (often exempt from federal and sometimes state tax)
Tax-Advantaged Accounts
Using the right accounts can dramatically reduce your tax burden. Here are the main options:
Traditional 401(k)/IRA
Tax benefit: Contributions reduce taxable income now; pay taxes on withdrawals in retirement.
Best for: Those in higher tax brackets now than expected in retirement.
Roth 401(k)/IRA
Tax benefit: No tax deduction now, but all growth and withdrawals are tax-free.
Best for: Those expecting higher taxes in retirement or wanting tax-free income.
HSA (Health Savings Account)
Tax benefit: Triple tax advantage - deductible contributions, tax-free growth, tax-free withdrawals for medical expenses.
Best for: Those with high-deductible health plans who can invest for the long term.
529 Plans
Tax benefit: Tax-free growth and withdrawals for qualified education expenses.
Best for: Saving for children's or your own education costs.
2025 Contribution Limits
| Account Type | Under 50 | 50 and Over |
|---|---|---|
| 401(k), 403(b) | $23,500 | $31,000 |
| Traditional/Roth IRA | $7,000 | $8,000 |
| HSA (Family) | $8,550 | $9,550 |
Tax-Saving Strategies
1. Tax-Loss Harvesting
Selling investments at a loss to offset capital gains. You can deduct up to $3,000 of net losses against ordinary income per year, carrying forward unused losses.
2. Asset Location
Place investments strategically across account types to minimize taxes:
- Tax-advantaged accounts (401k, IRA): Bonds, REITs, actively traded funds (high-tax investments)
- Taxable accounts: Index funds, growth stocks held long-term, municipal bonds (tax-efficient investments)
- Roth accounts: Highest-growth potential investments (all gains are tax-free)
3. Hold Investments Long-Term
Simply holding investments for more than one year converts short-term gains (taxed up to 37%) to long-term gains (taxed at max 20%). This can nearly cut your tax rate in half.
4. Maximize Tax-Advantaged Contributions
Always contribute enough to get your full employer 401(k) match (it's free money). Then consider maxing out IRAs and HSAs before investing in taxable accounts.
5. Consider Municipal Bonds
For those in high tax brackets, municipal bonds can provide tax-free income. Compare the "tax-equivalent yield" to taxable bonds to see which is better for you.
Important Tax Forms
- 1099-DIV: Reports dividends and capital gains distributions from funds
- 1099-INT: Reports interest income
- 1099-B: Reports proceeds from sales of securities
- Form 8949: Used to report capital gains and losses
- Schedule D: Summary of capital gains and losses
Special Situations
Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)
High-income earners may owe an additional 3.8% tax on investment income. Applies to individuals with modified AGI over $200,000 (single) or $250,000 (married filing jointly).
Cryptocurrency Taxes
Crypto is treated as property by the IRS. Every sale, trade, or use creates a taxable event. Same capital gains rules apply - short-term vs. long-term based on holding period.
Inherited Investments
Inherited assets receive a "stepped-up basis" - the cost basis resets to the value at the date of death, potentially eliminating years of capital gains.
